A) Coal companies aren't on public lands, they're on private lands that they either own, or have leased, or perhaps own the mineral rights to; they own the coal, and have a legal right to it, but they have to extract it in accordance with the regs;
B) The federal reclamation laws didn't exist prior to '77, and yeah, after that it took a decade or so to reign in a lot of wildcatters, but today, reclamation plans are required beforehand;
C) companies are required to post bond that they lose if they don't successfully reclaim it;
D) Yes, the quality of reclamation varies from state to state.... WV and KY and PA each have their own regulations and standards; VA's regulations are essentially a copy of the federal regs (w/ some changes/improvements);
E) Yes, the quality of the work varies from company to company.... some have to be threatened with being placed on the Applicant Violator System to get them to do the job (meaning they can't get another permit), whereas the next company might go above and beyond the regs in order to have a better relationship with the neighbors.